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- WORLD, Page 32Mixed Signals on Sanctions
-
-
- As Washington debates the embargo's effect, the bigger question
- goes unanswered: Will sanctions alone force Saddam's retreat?
-
- By RICHARD LACAYO -- Reported by Bruce van Voorst/Washington
-
-
- The words that filled the House committee chamber were clear
- and unequivocal. Given time, the sanctions against Iraq could
- be counted on to halt its industry and hobble its military.
- That judgment would have been no surprise if it had come from
- any of the Democrats who used last week's House and Senate
- hearings to warn the Bush Administration against a hasty resort
- to force in the Persian Gulf. But the message came from one of
- the President's own men: William Webster, director of the
- Central Intelligence Agency.
-
- As the potential for war in the Persian Gulf has heightened,
- the debate about U.S. policy has come to hinge largely on two
- questions. Can sanctions really cripple Iraq? And even if they
- can, will that be enough to persuade Saddam to leave Kuwait?
- Those questions are dissolving the once solid support for the
- Bush policy along partisan lines as Democrats in Congress have
- begun to insist, loudly, that the embargo must be given time.
- Says Maryland Senator Paul Sarbanes: "The cost of a year of
- waiting is nothing compared with the cost of a week of war."
-
- Webster's description of an Iraq under severe economic
- pressure is a depiction much bleaker than that put forward by
- the White House. In recent weeks the Bush Administration has
- been closing ranks to offer a suddenly more downbeat assessment
- of whether sanctions can work. In late October, George Bush was
- still expressing the hope that the embargo could force Saddam
- to retreat. But last week, a few days after the United Nations
- Security Council approved the use of military force in the
- gulf, he declared, "I've not been one who has been convinced
- that sanctions alone would bring him to his senses." On the
- same day that Webster spoke before the House Armed Services
- Committee, Secretary of State James Baker appeared before the
- Senate Foreign Relations Committee to announce that he was
- "very pessimistic" about the prospect that sanctions alone
- would work.
-
- In his appearance before the committee, Webster was also
- careful to caution that even an economic stranglehold on Iraq
- might not cause Saddam to loosen his grip on Kuwait. There is
- no guarantee, Webster advised, that "economic hardships will
- compel Saddam to change his policies, or lead to internal
- unrest that would threaten his regime." But in the most
- comprehensive public analysis to date of the impact of the
- sanctions, Webster went on to outline a picture of an Iraqi
- economy that would be badly crippled by next summer.
-
- Webster said more than 90% of Iraq's imports and 97% of its
- exports have been shut off. Though the impact upon the nation's
- food supply has not been serious, the virtual end of imports
- is bad news for Iraqi industry, which is heavily dependent on
- parts and equipment from abroad. At the same time, the embargo
- on Iraqi exports, especially oil, has cost Saddam $1.5 billion
- a month since he invaded Kuwait in August, leaving his nation
- without the foreign exchange it must have to offer as payment
- for smuggled goods. For now, Iraqi factories can dip into
- preinvasion stockpiles or obtain parts plundered from Kuwaiti
- factories. But by next spring or summer, Webster predicted,
- "only energy-related and some military industries will still be
- functioning."
-
- Webster warned that it would take longer, however, before
- the Iraqi military started feeling squeezed. Given the static
- defensive posture of Saddam's air and ground forces, which
- reduces wear and tear on equipment, they could probably
- maintain their current level of readiness for nine months at
- least. After that, however, the unavailability of spare parts
- would start to tell, especially for Iraq's high-tech air force.
- Webster predicted that by as early as next March, Baghdad would
- have to reduce reconnaissance and training flights by its fleet
- of French- and Soviet-made aircraft. The departure of foreign
- technicians and the lack of replacement parts, he said, would
- make repairs too difficult.
-
- Significantly, Webster said that if military force did
- eventually become necessary, the passage of time would favor
- the anti-Saddam alliance because Iraq's war machine would have
- deteriorated so badly. That view contrasted sharply with the
- one put before the same House committee two days earlier by
- Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney. He told the panel that delay
- would only give the Iraqi military more opportunity to
- strengthen its defenses in Kuwait and southern Iraq. Webster
- had other concerns about the effect of delays, however. During
- closed-door sessions of the House hearings, he reportedly told
- the committee he feared that the international coalition lined
- up against Iraq would fall apart before sanctions had time to
- work.
-
- Even granting that sanctions were hurting Iraq, however,
- could they be counted on to persuade Saddam to withdraw? Baker
- cautioned the Senate committee that the Iraqi leader could
- protect chosen segments of his nation for some time. "You can
- bet the Iraqi people will feel the pain first and most deeply,"
- he said. "Not the Iraqi military and not the government." The
- question is whether that is any reason not to let sanctions
- work a while longer -- long enough at least to find out whether
- the pain will eventually touch Saddam.
-
-
- ____________________________________________________________ THE
- ADMINISTRATION REVERSES ITSELF
-
-
- August 10. "I'd love to see the economic sanctions be so
- successful that the [U.S.] forces could be withdrawn."
-
- -- George Bush
-
- August 15. "Sanctions are working."
-
- -- George Bush
-
- September 11. "Sanctions will take time to have their full
- intended effect."
-
- -- George Bush
-
- December 3. "There is no guarantee that sanctions will force
- him out of Kuwait."
-
- -- Dick Cheney
-
- December 4. "I've not been one who has been convinced that
- sanctions alone will bring him to his senses."
-
- -- George Bush
-
- December 5. "Nobody can tell you that sanctions alone will
- ever be able to get him to withdraw."
-
- -- James Baker
-
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